Introduction
How to Get OPT and CPT Authorization for International Students in the USA – For international students studying in the USA on an F-1 visa, gaining work experience through employment is a valuable part of the academic journey. Optional Practical Training (OPT) and Curricular Practical Training (CPT) are two key opportunities that allow students to work in the U.S. legally while gaining skills related to their field of study. However, understanding the application process, eligibility requirements, and the differences between OPT and CPT can be challenging. This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about getting OPT and CPT authorization as an international student in the USA.
1. What is OPT (Optional Practical Training)?
OPT is a temporary work authorization that allows F-1 students to work in the United States in a job directly related to their field of study. It provides hands-on practical experience that complements your academic program.
Types of OPT:
- Pre-Completion OPT: Work authorization granted before completing your academic program. It allows you to work part-time (20 hours or less per week) during the academic term and full-time during school breaks.
- Post-Completion OPT: Work authorization granted after you complete your academic program. This is the most common form of OPT and allows full-time employment for up to 12 months.
- STEM OPT Extension: Available for students with degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. It extends Post-Completion OPT by an additional 24 months, allowing a total of 36 months of work authorization.
Eligibility Requirements for OPT:
- Must be enrolled in a full-time academic program at a SEVP-approved institution.
- Completed at least one full academic year (two semesters) of study in the USA.
- Employment must be directly related to your major field of study.
- Maintain valid F-1 status at the time of application.
2. How to Apply for OPT Authorization
Applying for OPT requires careful planning and adherence to timelines. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you through the process:
Step 1: Speak with Your Designated School Official (DSO)
- What to Do: Meet with your DSO to discuss your OPT eligibility, program details, and intended start date. Your DSO will recommend OPT and provide a new Form I-20 with the OPT recommendation on page 2.
Step 2: File Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization)
- How to Apply: Complete Form I-765 online or by mail and pay the application fee ($410). You will need to include your new Form I-20, passport photos, a copy of your passport, and other supporting documents.
Step 3: Submit Supporting Documents to USCIS
- Required Documents:
- Copy of the new Form I-20 with OPT recommendation
- Copy of your passport ID page and F-1 visa
- I-94 travel record (available online)
- 2 passport-sized photos (meeting USCIS specifications)
- Payment of the application fee via check, money order, or online payment.
Step 4: Wait for the Approval Notice and EAD Card
- Processing Time: It typically takes 2-5 months for USCIS to process your application. Once approved, you will receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) card, which allows you to start working.
Pro Tip: Apply as early as possible, as you cannot begin working until you receive your EAD card.
3. What is CPT (Curricular Practical Training)?
CPT is a work authorization that allows F-1 students to participate in internships, co-ops, or other work experiences directly related to their field of study. CPT is usually part of an academic program and must be an integral component of your curriculum.
Key Features of CPT:
- Types of Employment: Internships, co-ops, practicums, or any job that counts as part of your academic coursework.
- Duration: No specific limit, but must be completed before graduation. Full-time CPT (more than 20 hours per week) for 12 months or more may impact eligibility for OPT.
- Employer-Specific: CPT is authorized for a specific employer, location, and duration, as listed on your Form I-20.
Eligibility Requirements for CPT:
- Must be enrolled in a full-time academic program at a SEVP-approved school.
- Completed at least one full academic year of study in the USA (with some exceptions for graduate students).
- Must have a job offer related to your major field of study before applying for CPT.
- CPT must be an integral part of your degree program, as determined by your school.
4. How to Apply for CPT Authorization
Applying for CPT is usually quicker than OPT, as it is processed directly by your school’s DSO rather than USCIS. Here’s how to apply:
Step 1: Secure a Job Offer Related to Your Field of Study
- What to Do: Find an internship, co-op, or employment opportunity directly related to your major. Obtain a detailed offer letter from your prospective employer, including job title, job description, start and end dates, and work location.
Step 2: Meet with Your DSO to Discuss CPT Eligibility
- What to Do: Schedule a meeting with your DSO to review your job offer and discuss how the position fits within your academic program. Your DSO will determine if the job qualifies for CPT.
Step 3: Receive the Updated Form I-20 with CPT Authorization
- What to Do: If approved, your DSO will issue a new Form I-20 with CPT authorization, specifying the job details and approved work dates.
Step 4: Start Working on the Approved Start Date
- What to Do: You can begin working on the approved start date as specified on your new Form I-20. No additional USCIS approval is needed.
Pro Tip: Ensure that your employment does not extend beyond the authorized dates and job details listed on your Form I-20.
5. Key Differences Between OPT and CPT
Understanding the key differences between OPT and CPT will help you choose the right option based on your needs:
- Timing of Application: OPT requires USCIS approval and can take several months, while CPT is processed by your DSO and usually approved quickly.
- Type of Work Authorization: OPT allows you to work for any employer in your field, while CPT is employer-specific and tied to your academic curriculum.
- Effect on OPT Eligibility: Full-time CPT for 12 months or more may eliminate your eligibility for Post-Completion OPT, so plan your CPT carefully.
6. Maintaining Your Status While on OPT or CPT
Maintaining your F-1 status while working on OPT or CPT is crucial to avoid legal issues:
- Work Only in Approved Roles: For CPT, work must be within the specific role and time frame approved by your DSO. For OPT, ensure your work is directly related to your major field of study.
- Report Employment Changes: Always report any changes in your employment status, address, or contact information to your DSO within 10 days.
- Avoid Unemployment Limits on OPT: For Post-Completion OPT, you are allowed up to 90 days of unemployment (150 days for STEM OPT). Keep track of your employment dates to maintain compliance.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About OPT and CPT
Q: Can I apply for OPT and CPT at the same time?
A: No, you cannot be authorized for both at the same time. However, you can use CPT during your academic program and then apply for OPT upon graduation.
Q: What happens if my OPT application is denied?
A: If your OPT application is denied, review the reason provided by USCIS and consult your DSO for next steps. You may reapply or explore other work authorization options.
Q: Can I change employers while on OPT?
A: Yes, you can change employers while on OPT, but your new job must be related to your field of study. Update your DSO with the new employer’s information.
Final Thoughts
Navigating OPT and CPT can be challenging, but these programs offer invaluable opportunities for gaining work experience and enhancing your education in the USA. By understanding the requirements, preparing your application correctly, and maintaining your F-1 status, you can make the most of these work authorization programs.
Ready to apply for OPT or CPT? Start by speaking with your DSO, gathering your documents, and taking the first steps toward a rewarding professional experience in the USA!